Three Types of Exceptions in Java

Errors are the bane of users and programmers alike. Developers obviously dont want their programs falling over at every turn and users are now so used to having errors in programs that they grudgingly accept to pay the price for software that will almost certainly have at least one error in it. Java is designed to give the programmer a sporting chance in designing an error-free application. There are exceptions that the programmer will know are a possibility when an application interacts with a resource or a user and these exceptions can be handled. Unfortunately, there are exceptions the programmer cant control or simply overlooks. In short, all exceptions are not created equal and therefore there are several types for a programmer to think about. An exception is an event which causes the program to be unable to flow in its intended execution. There are three types of exception—the checked exception, the error and the runtime exception. The Checked Exception Checked exceptions are exceptions that a Java application should be able to cope with. For example, If an application reads data from a file it should be able to handle the FileNotFoundException . After all, there is no guarantee that the expected file is going to be where it is supposed to be. Anything could happen on the file system, which an application would have no clue about. To take this example one step further. Lets say we are using the FileReader class to read a character file. If you have a look at the FileReader constructor definition in the Java api you will see its method signature: public FileReader(String fileName) throws FileNotFoundException As you can see the constructor specifically states that the FileReader constructor can throw a FileNotFoundException. This makes sense as its highly likely that the fileName String will be wrong from time to time. Look at the following code: public static void main(String[] args){ FileReader fileInput null; //Open the input file fileInput new FileReader(Untitled.txt); } Syntactically the statements are correct but this code will never compile. The compiler knows the FileReader constructor can throw a FileNotFoundException and its up to the calling code to handle this exception. There are two choices - firstly we can pass the exception on from our method by specifying a throws clause too: public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException{ FileReader fileInput null; //Open the input file fileInput new FileReader(Untitled.txt); } Or we can actually handle with the exception: public static void main(String[] args){ FileReader fileInput null; try { //Open the input file fileInput new FileReader(Untitled.txt); } catch(FileNotFoundException ex) { //tell the user to go and find the file } } Well-written Java applications should be able to cope with checked exceptions. Errors The second kind of exception is known as the error. When an exception occurs the JVM will create an exception object. These objects all derive from the Throwable class. The Throwable class has two main subclasses— Error and Exception. The Error class denotes an exception that an application is not likely to be able to deal with.   These exceptions are considered rare. For example, the JVM might run out of resources due to the hardware not being able to cope with all the processes it is having to deal with. Its possible for the application to catch the error to notify the user but typically the application is going to have to close until the underlying problem is dealt with. Runtime Exceptions A runtime exception occurs simply because the programmer has made a mistake. Youve written the code, it all looks good to the compiler and when you go to run the code, it falls over because it tried to access an element of an array that does not exist or a logic error caused a method to be called with a null value. Or any number of mistakes a programmer can make. But thats okay, we spot these exceptions by exhaustive testing, right? Errors and Runtime Exceptions fall into the category of unchecked exceptions.

The Six Types Of Crime - 953 Words

1) The six types of crime are Violent - Violent crime is crimes that are against people such as murder, assault, rape, and robbery. Property- property crimes are crimes that are used for economic gains such as stealing someone’s belongings. Public order- this are crimes that go against the norms of what people think are right such as public drunkenness or prostitution. White-collar- these are crimes that are committed by an individual or a business with nonviolent actions for business advantage. Organized- these are crimes that are committed by mob style organizations; recently they have become more â€Å"in line with the law†. High-tech crime- these are crimes that are conducted with the use of technology such as fraud and scamming individuals. 2) The UCR is a survey that is conducted by the FBI to get a statistic on the amount of crime that is happening in the United States during that year. The report is broken into two parts, violent and nonviolent crimes. The UCR has a hierarchy rule with the statistics. 3) â€Å"The dark figure of crime† is the crime that never gets reported. There is a way that these dark figure crimes can come into light and it is with the self-survey. With the self-survey individuals are able to report what has happened to them without directly going to the police. 4) The four main written sources of American criminal law are Constitutional law- is the main set of laws. Any law that goes against the constitution it will be considered unconstitutional andShow MoreRelatedCrime Displacement Or Diffusion Of Benefits?931 Words   |  4 PagesCrime Displacement or Diffusion of Benefits? Definition of displacement and types of displacement Displacement is the response of offenders to the crime prevention strategies, especially the ones that block criminal opportunities (Barr and Pease, 1990; Eck, 1993). 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The Elements free essay sample

Case Analysis Cases in Strategic Mgt. September 29, 2011 Introduction A case study provides an account of the trends and actions that have occurred in a business or industry over a certain period of time. It records the events and decisions managers had to deal with. Changes in the market, new competition, fluctuating profits, changes in the board of a company are all examples of significant events that would be documented in a case study. After the events of a business are documented and analyzed a recommendation is given that would help the business’ organizational problems. Case Analysis Case studies are used for a number of reasons. They provide experience and examples of organizational issues that the reader may not have encountered. It gives the reader an understanding of how top level managers solve problems as they occur. These solutions can then be compared and contrasted based on their level of success or failure. We will write a custom essay sample on The Elements or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This will give a person a decent basis to provide recommendations To analyze a case study one must first look at the history of a company, considering their development and growth overtime. It is important to chart the important incidents in the company’s history, tracing the most critical or unusual events that lead to the development of the company that it is today. After researching the company’s history it is time to view the current manifestation of the business. Using the SWOT analysis technique and the historical data that was charted a document of the strengths and weaknesses of the company should be developed. Using these strengths and weaknesses it is now necessary to analyze the current environment of the industry the company is in. Having done these steps there should now be a document of the strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities and threats within the industry the company is in. Following the SWOT analysis it is necessary to view the corporate level strategy defining the company’s mission and goals. Some of the factors to consider are the nature of the company’s subsidiaries and acquisitions. Analyze the relationship between the businesses owned by the company. Now that the corporate level strategy is acknowledged the business level strategy must be found. If the company in question is one single business, the strategy would be the same as the corporate strategy. Though, if the company has various businesses under its control each one could have its own strategy. Having performed a SWOT analysis and viewing the corporate and business strategies employed, will provide a very good look into the operations of the business. With this information the final portion of a case analysis can be completed. This involves making a recommendation for future operations of the business. The recommendation should be directed at a strategic issue the company is having. The set of recommendations should be specific for each case analyzed. Once these recommendations are made piers can add their input to formulating a cohesive strategy. Conclusion Case Studies are an effective way to analyze business problems from various sectors of the market. They are also a useful tool in work shopping strategic planning and collaborative development. These studies teach analytical skills as well as research techniques, which is why they are very useful in a class setting and a great learning development tool.

Npv of Ocean Carriers free essay sample

After considering alternative investment opportunities and risk mitigation strategies it was found that it is a good opportunity to invest in commissioning of new ship, provided the Ship is registered in HK instead of NY. The analysis carried out based on certain assumptions, limitations and approach adopted are described in sections below throughout this document. 1. 2 Scope The scope of this study is based on the available information extracted from the case study â€Å"Ocean Carriers 9-202-027, Rev. April 18, 2002† and the guidelines provided by Dr. Fitzsimmons in enabling us to make acceptable assumptions. Project investment decision is based on the NPV of the project carried out based on these assumptions, limitations described in sections below and available data from case study. 1. 3 Assumptions The table below lists all the assumptions that have been made in order to carry out the NPV analysis. A1. For all practical purposes 365 days in a year is considered. We will write a custom essay sample on Npv of Ocean Carriers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus Leap year concept is not used. A2. 16 days of ship maintenance is considered for Ship older than 10 years until 25 years. A3. For ship is registered in HK the taxes on Profits is Zero. Whereas ship registered in New York the tax applicable on profits is 35%. A4. A discount rate of 9% is used to calculate PV in both cases, i. e. , ship is registered in US or HK A5. As mentioned in the case study the expected rate of inflation is 3% A6. The capital expenditure for the period at the end (i. e. , case_1 for 25th year or case2 for 15th year) would not be done as at the end of this period the ship would be scrapped or sold in second hand market. A7. The working capital would be all liquidated and OCI will be able to realize the total value. A8. The given Salvage value at end of 15th year ($5millions), is retained same until year 25th year based on the assumption that due to additional wear and tear of the ship for 10 more years (=25-15). Hence the FV of the Salvage value at end of 25th year by the percentage of Inflation (3%) is not estimated, as this consideration will increase the salvage value at end of 25th year. A9. Ship is delivered in beginning of year 2003 and the leasing of ship starts immediately. A10. Daily operational costs are estimated 1% above the 3% Inflation rate mentioned in the case study. A11.